Territories and colonies of the Spanish Republic: Assassinations of political leaders and beginning of the war, Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war. [16] The 12 April 1931 municipal elections led to a landslide victory for republicans. Together, the Libraries hold more than 12 million printed items, over 80,000 e-journals and outstanding special collections including rare books and manuscripts, classi… In the summer of 1936, after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, it became largely irrelevant after the authority of the Republic was superseded in many places by revolutionary socialists and anarchists on one side, and fascists on the other. All hope of a peaceful issue was at an end. L'agence a reçu son approbation des autorités le 4 mai 2012 et nous avons réactivé notre dossier auprès du SAI. I cannot yet see him..." The granting of universal suffrage to a society with Imperialist sympathies would benefit reactionaries, which culminated in the election of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as president of the republic. Almost immediately after the results were known, a group of monarchists asked Robles to lead a coup but he refused. - La France s'est constituée en République. Le chef de l'État est élu pour cinq ans au suffrage universel direct (instauration du quinquennat à la suite du référendum du 24 septembre 2000). Bloody purges followed in each piece of captured "Nationalist" territory in order to consolidate Franco's future regime. 29 June 2020. on a broader basis than that of the Assembly, and was not eligible for re-election. By the rise of the Republi… It was used as a testing ground for the German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion. It was uncertain what the policy of the new government would be. Historia Contemporánea 3, no. [26], With the new constitution approved in December 1931, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned. It made the presidency an office dependent upon popular acclamation. [24], The legislative branch was changed to a single chamber called the Congress of Deputies. Finally, revision of the constitution was made practically impossible: it involved obtaining three times in succession a majority of three-quarters of the deputies in a special assembly. [68], "Spanish Republic" redirects here. During this time, the government of Manuel Azaña initiated numerous reforms to modernize the country. Major industries of the Second Spanish Republic were located in the Basque region (due to it having Europe's best high-grade non-phosphoric ore) and Catalonia. The French President moved to establish the power and prestige of France against that of Austria, as beginning the work of European renovation and reconstruction which he already looked upon as his mission. As a reaction, the Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. They claimed that the authorities did not properly investigate it and promoted those involved in the murder whilst censoring those who cried out about it and shutting down the headquarters of right-wing parties and arresting right-wing party members, often on "flimsy charges". Instead he invited the Radical Republican Party's Alejandro Lerroux to do so. [18] The king's departure led to a provisional government of the young republic under Niceto Alcalá-Zamora. Even the staunch socialist Indalecio Prieto at a party rally in Cuenca, in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. [2], Soon Azaña came into conflict with both the right and far left. Cambridge University Press, 2017, p-17, Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, Background of the Spanish Civil War § Second Republic, Background of the Spanish Civil War § The "black biennium", German involvement in the Spanish Civil War, Coat of Arms of the Second Spanish Republic, Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic, "abc.es: "La quema de iglesias durante la Segunda República" 10 May 2012", Perspectives on religious freedom in Spain, "A History of Spain and Portugal (Print Edition)", "24 horas - Stanley G. Payne: "Las elecciones del 36, durante la Republica, fueron un fraude, "The Spanish Civil War exhibition: Mainline text", "La Pasionaria's Farewell Message to the International Brigade fighters", https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/29428326.pdf, Constitución de la República Española (1931), English Translation of the Constitution of the Spanish Republic (1931), Pro-Republic, 75th Anniversary Manifiesto, Original article from the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, History of the republic and the victory of the Popular Front in elections, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Spanish_Republic&oldid=994540398, States and territories established in 1931, States and territories disestablished in 1939, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Spain articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 06:42. Certain liberal elements would remain, such as separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion. He owed this rapid increase of popularity partly to blunders of the government of July, which had unwisely aroused the memory of the country, filled as it was with recollections of the Empire, and partly to Louis Napoléon's campaign carried on from his prison at Ham by means of pamphlets of socialistic tendencies. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year. In response a group of Guardia de Asalto and other leftist militiamen led by Civil Guard Fernando Condés, after getting the approval of the minister of interior to illegally arrest a list of members of parliament, went to right-wing opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo's house in the early hours of 13 July on a revenge mission. [4] A general strike was called by the UGT and the PSOE in the name of the Alianza Obrera. The Assembly retaliated by throwing out the proposal for a partial reform of that article of the constitution which prohibited the re-election of the president and the re-establishment of universal suffrage (July). Barricades were raised after the shooting of protestors outside the Guizot manor by soldiers. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights; Elections; Resources . But, as in 1830, the republican-socialist party had set up a rival government at the Hôtel de Ville (city hall), including Louis Blanc, Armand Marrast, Ferdinand Flocon, and Alexandre Martin, known as Albert L'Ouvrier ("Albert the Worker"), which bid fair to involve discord and civil war. societe mixte. The first citizens of what would become Rome believed they were watched over by the spirits of their ancestors, and they added a triad of gods to these spirits. Fin 2018, la République démocratique du Congo (RDC) a connu sa deuxième épidémie d'Ebola de l'année, d'une ampleur sans précédent dans ce pays. The government called a state of emergency, thinking it could rely on the troops of the National Guard, but instead on the morning of 23 February the Guardsmen sided with the revolutionaries, protecting them from the regular soldiers who by now had been called in. 58 (2018). [55] Within hours of learning of the murder and the reaction, Franco, that until then had not been involved in the conspiracies, changed his mind on rebellion and dispatched a message to Mola to display his firm commitment.[56]. Esdaile, Charles J. Welcome to this window on GRECO’s world! The provisional government having resigned, the republican and anti-socialist majority on 9 May entrusted the supreme power to an Executive Commission consisting of five members: Arago, Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges, Garnier-Pagès, Lamartine and Ledru-Rollin. [22] José Ortega y Gasset stated, "the article in which the Constitution legislates the actions of the Church seems highly improper to me. [9] Manuel Azaña Díaz was called upon to form a government before the electoral process had come to an end; he would shortly replace Zamora as president, taking advantage of a constitutional loophole. His body was dropped at the entrance of one of the city's cemeteries. Potomac Books, Inc., 2005, p.66, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPreston1983 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBeevor2006 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFThomas2001 (, sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFPreston2006 (. Soon, though, the rebels began to erode their territory, starving Madrid and making inroads into the east. The country rapidly descended into anarchy. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. The Republican government survived in exile, and retained an embassy in Mexico City until 1976. The bombing of Guernica was probably the most infamous event of the war and inspired Picasso's painting. [32] Thirty thousand workers were mobilized for battle within ten days. This operation earned López Ochoa the nickname "Butcher of Asturias". The law of 16 July aggravated the severity of the press restrictions by re-establishing the "caution money" (cautionnement) deposited by proprietors and editors of papers with the government as a guarantee of good behavior. [6], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}48°49′N 2°29′E / 48.817°N 2.483°E / 48.817; 2.483, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://www.persee.fr/doc/r1848_1155-8806_1931_num_28_139_1209_t1_0237_0000_2, Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Republic&oldid=983692408, States and territories established in 1848, States and territories disestablished in 1852, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2018, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Amann, Peter H. "Writings on the Second French Republic. The Himno de Riego was established as the national anthem, and the Tricolor, with three horizontal red-yellow-purple fields, became the new flag of Spain. La Deuxième République dite RDM (République Démocratique de Madagascar), fondée sur la Constitution du 31 décembre 1975 a duré 16 ans, de janvier 1976 à septembre 1992. Despite significant rivalries and disagreements, the socialists, Communists, and the Catalan-and-Madrid-based left-wing Republicans decided to work together under the name Popular Front. [8], The government led by the Radical Republican Party went through a series of crises in 1935. On the night of 1/2 December 1851, the anniversary of his uncle Napoleon's coronation in 1804 and his victory at Austerlitz in 1805, he dissolved the Chamber, re-established universal suffrage, had all the party leaders arrested, and summoned a new assembly to prolong his term of office for ten years. The initial government would be an all-military "Directory", which would create a "strong and disciplined state." This was not a coup attempt but more of a "police action" akin to Asturias, as Franco believed the post-election environment could become violent and was trying to quell the perceived leftist threat. The Socialists triggered an insurrection that they had been preparing for nine months. Calleja, Eduardo González, and Francisco Sánchez Pérez. Schéma constitutionnel de la Seconde République française, les institutions de la deuxième République, Constitution et Histoire de la République en France [37][38] This view has been criticised by Eduardo Calleja and Francisco Pérez, who question the charges of electoral irregularity and argue that the Popular Front would still have won a slight electoral majority even if all of the charges were true. [42] Largo Caballero and other elements of the political left were not prepared to work with the republicans, although they did agree to support much of the proposed reforms. This ban was forced with strict police severity and widespread mob violence. The revolutionary left wing masses took to the streets, and released prisoners. After the restoration of democracy in Spain, the government formally dissolved the following year. Meanwhile, the national workshops were unable to provide remunerative work for the genuine unemployed, and of the thousands who applied, the greater number were employed in aimless digging and refilling of trenches; soon even this expedient failed, and those for whom work could not be invented were given a half wage of 1 franc a day. The Revolution of 1830, part of a wave of similar regime changes across Europe, had put an end to the absolute monarchy of the Bourbon Restoration and installed a more liberal constitutional monarchy under the Orleans dynasty and governed predominantly by Guizot's conservative-liberal centre-right and Thiers's progressive-liberal centre-left. [3] Under the new constitution, there was to be a single permanent Assembly of 750 members elected for a term of three years by the scrutin de liste. Associations, institutions, etc. Republicans of all tendencies were committed to the Pact of San Sebastian in overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a republic. [7] The revolutionary soviets set up by the miners attempted to impose order on the areas under their control, and the moderate socialist leadership of Ramón González Peña and Belarmino Tomás took measures to restrain violence. The other party wished to maintain society on the basis of its traditional institutions, and rallied round the tricolore. [15] The Pact of San Sebastián was the key to the transition from monarchy to republic. [12] On 12 July 1936 a group of Guardia de Asalto and other leftist militiamen led by Civil Guard Fernando Condés, after getting the approval of the minister of interior to illegally arrest a list of members or the parliament, went to right-wing opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo's house in the early hours of 13 July and shot him dead in a police truck. In a speech delivered on 27 November 1932, at the Madrid Ateneo, he protested: "Even the Inquisition was limited by certain legal guarantees. Garnier-Pagès was mayor of Paris. The remaining Republican fronts collapsed, and Madrid fell in March 1939. The second government was led by socialist Francisco Largo Caballero of the trade union General Union of Workers (UGT). It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité. Franco also approached Valladares to propose the declaration of martial law and calling out of the army. His reply to the votes of censure passed by the Assembly, and their refusal to increase his civil list was to hint at a vast communistic plot in order to scare the bourgeoisie, and to denounce the electoral law of 31 May 1850, in order to gain the support of the mass of the people. ", This page was last edited on 15 October 2020, at 18:02. Format Book Published Kigali : Ecole superieure militaire, [1987] Description 118 leaves ; 28 cm. [57] Mola's plan for the new regime was envisioned as a "republican dictatorship", modelled after Salazar's Portugal and as a semi-pluralist authoritarian regime rather than a totalitarian fascist dictatorship. The Republicans managed to hold out in Madrid, despite a Nationalist assault in November 1936, and frustrated subsequent offensives against the capital at Jarama and Guadalajara in 1937. French troops under Oudinot marched into Rome. Three days later (17 July), the coup d'état began more or less as it had been planned, with an army uprising in Spanish Morocco, which then spread to several regions of the country. Hachette UK, 2012. harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCasanova2010 (, Mariano Ospina Peña, La II República Española, caballerosandantes.net/videoteca.php?action=verdet&vid=89, Dilectissima Nobis, 2 (On Oppression Of The Church Of Spain), Spain 1833–2002, p.133, Mary Vincent, Oxford, 2007, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCasanova2010 (, Madariaga - Spain (1964) p.416 as cited in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFVilla_GarcíaÁlvarez_Tardío2017 (. Although it only received 0.7 percent of the votes in the election, by July 1936 the Falange had 40,000 members. By the "massacres" of the June Days, the working classes were also alienated from it. During the Spanish Civil War, there were three governments. Over the years, historians kept lowering the death figures and modern research concluded that 500,000 deaths were the correct figure. The argument that Mr Gil Robles tried to destroy the Constitution to establish fascism was, at once, hypocritical and false. "Revisando el revisionismo. In November 1932, Miguel de Unamuno, one of the most respected Spanish intellectuals, rector of the University of Salamanca, and himself a Republican, publicly raised his voice to protest. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936" [35]. [42], The right reacted as if radical communists had taken control, despite the new cabinet's moderate composition; they were shocked by the revolutionary masses taking to the streets and the release of prisoners. The Republican Constitution also changed the country's national symbols. In face of CEDA's electoral victory, president Alcalá-Zamora declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government. La République ne sera pas sociale et elle n'est plus vraiment démocratique. As a result, an estimated total of half a million people would lose their lives in the war that followed; the number of casualties is actually disputed as some have suggested as many as a million people died. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. Il préside le Conseil des ministres, promulgue les lois et il est le chef des armées. The resistance organized by the republicans within Paris under Victor Hugo was soon subdued by the intoxicated soldiers. [64] On 15 May, an armed mob, headed by Raspail, Blanqui and Barbès, and assisted by the proletariat-aligned Guard, attempted to overwhelm the Assembly, but were defeated by the bourgeois-aligned battalions of the National Guard. The Pope's dilatory reply having been accepted by the French ministry, the President replaced it on 1 November, by the Fould-Rouher cabinet. This was only made worse due to Spanish exports being extremely low and Spain having a heavily domestic manufacturing industry. Laws would be proposed by the Council of State, to be voted on by the Assembly. 34 En deuxième lieu, selon l' article 4, paragraphe 1, deuxième alinéa, du traité CEE, "Chaque institution agit dans les limites des attributions qui lui sont conférées par le présent traité". The constitution provided generally accorded civil liberties and representation.[25]. A conflict was now inevitable between his personal policy and the majority of the Chamber, who were moreover divided into legitimists and Orléanists, in spite of the death of Louis-Philippe in August 1850. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the rebel faction that fought to establish a military dictatorship under General Francisco Franco. On 12 July 1936, Lieutenant José Castillo, an important member of the anti-fascist military organisation Unión Militar Republicana Antifascista (UMRA), was shot by Falangist gunmen. But this time the Palais Bourbon was not victorious over the Hôtel de Ville. The Bodleian Libraries at the University of Oxford is the largest university library system in the United Kingdom. The deputies who had met under Berryer at the Mairie of the 10th arrondissement to defend the constitution and proclaim the deposition of Louis Napoleon were scattered by the troops at Mazas and Mont Valérien. But to the left of the dynastic parties, the monarchy was criticised by Republicans (a mixture of Radicals and socialists) for being insufficiently democratic: its electoral system was based on a narrow, privileged electorate of property-owners and therefore excluded workers. [9] The right had firmly believed, at all levels, that they would win. This cold-blooded murder had an electrifying effect which provided a catalyst to transform what was a "limping conspiracy", led by General Emilio Mola, into a powerful revolt. The Popular Front won the 1936 general election with a narrow victory. Publisher. The President and the Assembly co-operated in the passage of the Loi Falloux of 15 March 1850, which again placed university instruction under the direction of the Church.[5]. Georges Pompidou et les institutions de la Ve République. A propósito del libro 1936. A conservative electoral law was passed on 31 May. The Assembly would elect members of a Council of State to serve for six years. "[23] Pope Pius XI condemned the Spanish government's deprivation of the civil liberties of Catholics in the encyclical Dilectissima Nobis. Reconduit par la deuxième république, le régime présidentiel est caractérisé par la séparation des pouvoirs au sein de l’État : le pouvoir exécutif, le pouvoir législatif et le pouvoir judiciaire. [60] However, the separation of church and state was forgotten once the conflict assumed the dimension of a war of religion, and military authorities increasingly deferred to the Church and to the expression of Catholic sentiment. It was in vain that Jules Grévy, in the name of those who perceived the obvious and inevitable risk of creating, under the name of a president, a monarch and more than a king, proposed that the head of the state should be no more than a removable president of the ministerial council. He called a vote of confidence, but two-thirds of the Cortes abstained, and President Alcalá-Zamora ordered Azaña's resignation on 8 September 1933. Among the many gods of the Romans, Jupiter, the son of Saturn, was the supreme god, associated with thunder, lightning, and storms. Le terme "reconnues", utilisé dans la version française de l' article 228 du traité, … Odilon Barrot called a motion of no confidence in Guizot, hoping that this might satisfy the rioters, but the Chamber of Deputies sided with the premier. Progress on implementing substantive economic reforms remains slow because of political instability, … He was to choose his ministers, who, like him, would be responsible to the Assembly. Alvarez Tardio, Manuel. For three years, there was an indecisive struggle between the heterogeneous Assembly and the President, who was silently awaiting his opportunity. [17] Two days later, the Second Republic was proclaimed, and King Alfonso XIII went into exile. The Spanish Civil War: A Military History. This provisional government with Dupont de l'Eure as its president, consisted of Lamartine for foreign affairs, Crémieux for justice, Ledru-Rollin for the interior, Carnot for public instruction, Goudchaux for finance, Arago for the navy, and Burdeau for war. [34] The Spanish historian Salvador de Madariaga, an Azaña's supporter, and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco is the author of a sharp critical reflection against the participation of the left in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. LES INSTITUTIONS DE LA IIIèmeREPUBLIQUE Le 2 septembre 1870, la défaite de Sedan emporte avec elle l’Empire. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . The restoration of the royal Bourbons was rejected by large sectors of the populace who vehemently opposed the King. One party seeing that in spite of the changes in the last sixty years of all political institutions the position of the people had not been improved, demanded a reform of society itself, the abolition of the privileged position of property, which they viewed as the only obstacle to equality, and as an emblem hoisted the red flag (the 1791 red flag was, however, the symbol not merely of the French Revolution, but rather of martial law and of order[2]). In the thirty-six hours following the election, sixteen people were killed (mostly by police officers attempting to maintain order or intervene in violent clashes) and thirty-nine were seriously injured, while fifty churches and seventy conservative political centres were attacked or set ablaze. However, fearing the increasingly popular opposition, the Radical and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, prolonging their power for two more years. [3] After a year of intense pressure, CEDA finally forced the appointment of three of its three ministries. Fifty eight religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo were burned and destroyed.