Il faut demander à la France et l'Espagne de déclassifiés les archives. A Genève, mercredi 5 et jeudi 6 décembre, se retrouvent pour en parler les représentants des quatre grands protagonistes de cette affaire, le Maroc, la Mauritanie, le Front Polisario et l’Algérie. on December 4, 2018 Moroccan forces arrested Nezha El Khalidi under Article 381 for live-streaming a Sahrawi protest and subsequently failing to meet the qualifications of a journalist. [94] Al-Batal was sentenced to six years in prison. On l’attend toujours. [45] Morocco's expansionist ambitions caused strains, including a temporary rupture of relations with Tunisia. Its first Secretary General was El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed. Polisario calls the territories under its control the Liberated Territories or the Free Zone, while Morocco controls and administers the rest of the disputed territory and calls these lands its Southern Provinces. In 2019 Amnesty International called for an investigation into a violent crackdown on protestors that took place on July 19, in the city of Laayoune. In 2011, Spanish Foreign Minister Trinidad Jiménez called for a U.N. committee to evaluate the security situation in the Polisario-controlled refugee camps in Tindouf (Algeria) and probe possible corruption in the distribution of international aid there. En 1830 la France s'incruste en Algérie (ex empire ottoman ). The ceasefire was upheld until 13 November 2020 when the Moroccan army enterd into the demilitarized town of Guerguerat, and the Saharawi authorities responded by declaring that the ceasefire was broken and the SPLA armed forces attacked Maroccan army positions along the Moroccan Western Sahara Wall. According to Pascal Bongard, program director at Geneva Call, between five and ten million land mines have been laid in the areas around the wall. En 1982, l’Algérie réussit à faire entrer la RASD à l’Organisation de l'unité africaine (OUA, ancêtre de l’actuelle Union africaine). (s/2001/613 Paragraph 54)", "Sahara Marathon: Host Interview Transcript", "US Ambassador urges dialogue between Morocco and Algeria", "The Polisario Front – Credible Negotiations Partner or After Effect of the Cold War and Obstacle to a Political Solution in Western Sahara? – Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) – Nbr. [34] Since the end of 2016, the UN has gathered stakeholders around roundtables organized in Geneva. [32] In an interview with the Public Broadcasting Service, in August 2004, James Baker, former personal envoy of the United Nations Secretary to Western Sahara, identified Morocco and Algeria as being both the "two chief protagonists" of the conflict. As rejected voter candidates began a mass-appeals procedure, the Moroccan government insisted that each application be scrutinized individually. Coutumier des décisions intempestives, le président américain Donald Trump a … Rédaction d’Algérie 360. [citation needed]. Following the annexation of Western Sahara by Morocco and Mauritania in 1976, and the Polisario Front's declaration of independence, the UN addressed the conflict via a resolution reaffirming the right to self-determination of the Sahrawi people. Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja, 1, pp 83–83 (1976), "Women on Frontline in Struggle for Western Sahara", "Saharawi Liberation Army | SADR Permanent Mission in Ethiopia and African Union", "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005–2008", "Western Sahara Between Autonomy and Intifada – Middle East Research and Information Project", "Western Sahara: Beatings, Abuse by Moroccan Security Forces", "Polisario leader says Western Sahara ceasefire with Morocco is over", "Western Sahara independence leader declares the end of a 29-year-old ceasefire with Morocco", "United Nations General Assembly A/55/997", "Memorandum of the Kingdom of Morocco on the regional dispute on the Sahara September 24, 2004", "United Nations – Security Council. Le conflit du Sahara occidental au menu de l’ONU À la demande de l’Allemagne, le conseil de sécurité de l’ONU doit se réunir ce lundi 21 décembre à huis clos sur... lire la suite L’Algérie a fait savoir qu’elle ne voyait dans ces déclarations que des gesticulations médiatiques. Votre avis est enseigné dans les écoles algériennes et libyenne. Côté ouest, les 80% de celui-ci, contrôlés par Rabat. [43], In January and February 1976, there were direct battles in Amgala between the armies of these two countries. Approximately 6,500 tents Sahrawis had erected in early October to protest their social and economic conditions in Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara. At present, these borders are largely unchanged. At the time, most of the Western Sahara territory remained under Moroccan control, while the Polisario controlled some 20% of the territory in its capacity as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, with additional pockets of control in the Sahrawi refugee camps along the Algerian border. On a beaucoup écrit, depuis 1975, que la Marche verte a été une grande opération de communication d’Hassan II. The Polisario Front accepted this voter list, as it had done with the previous list presented by the UN (both of them originally based on the Spanish census of 1974), but Morocco refused. [55] While the text of the agreement claimed that the fisheries will have no impact on the ongoing conflict, the agreement was denounced by various Saharawi groups. [33] Some third parties have called for both Morocco and Algeria to negotiate directly to find a solution for the conflict. It acts as a separation barrier between the Moroccan-controlled areas and the Polisario-controlled section of the territory (the SADR). On 20 May he led the Khanga raid, the Polisario's first armed action,[22] in which a Spanish post manned by a team of Tropas Nomadas (Sahrawi-staffed auxiliary forces) was overrun and a cache of rifles seized. Today the conflict is dominated by unarmed civil campaigns of the Polisario Front and their self-proclaimed SADR state to gain fully recognized independence for Western Sahara. Morocco claims to have captured "dozens of Algerian officers and non-commissioned officers and soldiers" during these confrontations, but has released them to Algerian authorities.[31]. [31] The United Nations has only ever officially considered Morocco and the Polisario Front parties to the conflict, however acknowledges that other interests may also be involved. Ma al-Aynayn the Saharan pro-Moroccan caïd of Tindouf and Smara named by the Moroccan sultan started an uprising against the French in 1910 in response to French attempts to expand their influence and control in North-West Africa. Human Rights Watch called on the Moroccan government to amend the article to ensure it did not apply to journalists. Tras varias décadas de conflicto intermitente, la situación del Sáhara Occidental sigue siendo uno de los asuntos de carácter internacional más complejos de resolver. El Hiba's forces were defeated during a failed campaign to conquer Marrakesh, and in retaliation French colonial forces destroyed the holy city of Smara in 1913. The Western Sahara conflict is an ongoing conflict between the Polisario Front and the Kingdom of Morocco.The conflict originated from an insurgency by the Polisario Front against Spanish colonial forces from 1973 to 1975 and the subsequent Western Sahara War against Morocco between 1975 and 1991. The Baker Plan (formally, Peace Plan for Self-Determination of the People of Western Sahara) was a United Nations initiative led by James Baker to grant self-determination to Western Sahara, and was formulated in the year 2000. After the events of the Zemla Intifada in 1970, when Spanish police forcibly disbanded the organization and "disappeared" its founder, Muhammad Bassiri, Sahrawi nationalism again swung towards militarism. Il est prévu pour 1992. L’Espagne occupe le Rif, la province du nord (sans Tanger, transformée en ville internationale). [citation needed] At this point, the maximum extent of the Polisario Front's manpower included perhaps 800 men, but they were backed by a larger network of supporters. The rebellious territory was finally subdued in 1934, after joint Spanish and French forces destroyed Smara for a second time. On est toujours, dans les années 1970-1980, en pleine guerre froide. During the events one civilian was killed and hundreds wounded. In 2011, new protests erupted again on 26 February, as a reaction to the failure of police to prevent anti-Sahrawi looting and rioting in the city of Dakhla, Western Sahara, and blossomed into protests across the territory. 6. IV. L’Espagne occupe le Rif, la province du nord (sans Tanger, transformée en ville internationale). [83], As early as 1979, the idea of a defensive wall has been an obvious one for the Moroccan authorities. C est surement la faute aux colonisateurs ///. The questions of mutual recognition, establishment of a possible Sahrawi state and the large numbers of Sahrawi refugees displaced by the conflict are among the key issues of the ongoing Western Sahara peace process. L'Algérie et la Mauritanie est une création franco-francaise. En 1991, dans une ambiance de fin de guerre froide, l’ONU réussit enfin à faire accepter un cessez-le-feu aux belligérants. Tony Hodges (1983), Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War, Lawrence Hill Books (, Anthony G. Pazzanita and Tony Hodges (1994), Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara, Scarecrow Press (, This page was last edited on 13 December 2020, at 17:56. Vous avez choisi de ne pas accepter le dépôt de cookies, notamment les cookies de publicité personnalisée. La France s’est félicitée, vendredi 11 décembre, de l’officialisation des relations diplomatiques entre le Maroc et Israël, estimant qu’il s’agit de «deux partenaires essentiels» [45], Morocco has argued that the Polisario Front receives support from Hezbollah, Iran, and al-Qaida. While the protests were initially peaceful, they were later marked by clashes between civilians and security forces, resulting in dozens of casualties on both sides. « Le conflit du Sahara occidental est une question de décolonisation qui ne peut être résolue qu’à travers l’application du droit international et de la doctrine bien établie des Nations Unies et de l’Union Africaine en la matière, c’est-à-dire l’exercice authentique par le … In July 2019 the Polisario Front arrested three Saharawi activists within the refugee camps for criticizing the Polisario Front's governance in Facebook Posts. En novembre, le roi Mohammed VI a aussi affirmé être prêt à bouger. At the heart of the dispute lies the question of who qualifies as a potential voter; the Polisario has insisted on only allowing those found on the 1974 Spanish Census lists (see below) to vote, while Morocco has insisted that the census was flawed by evasion and sought the inclusion of members of Sahrawi tribes which escape from Spanish invasion to the north of Morocco by the 19th century. Efforts to gain support in the Arab World for the idea of a Greater Morocco did not receive much support despite efforts in the early 1960s to enlist the Arab League for its cause. Cette triste affaire n'existe qu'a cause du conflit larvé entre l'Algérie et le Maroc... Morocco's position is that Algeria is part of the conflict and uses the Sahara issue for geopolitical interests that date from the Cold War, claiming that this country in its official communication to the United Nations "presents itself sometimes as 'a concerned party,' other times as an 'important actor,' or as a 'party' in the settlement of the dispute". P. 12", "United – France Libertés – The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria). [19] The city was promptly rebuilt[citation needed], and Sahrawi resistance continued for the following twenty years. [88] The protests began as celebrations for Algeria's win in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, and eventually escalated into demonstrations for Sahrawi self-determination and clashes with Moroccan security forces. Morocco, however, claims that it will still abide by the ceasefire and alleges that the army was simply trying to re-open the road to traffic. Qui doit participer au vote ? According to a NATO delegation MINURSO election observers stated in 1999 that "if the number of voters does not rise significantly the odds were slightly on the SADR side". Later, the Spanish extended their area of control. –, l'Espagne cède aux demandes de Rabat et de son allié de Nouakchott. Morocco Mauritania (1975–79)Supported by: France (1977–78) United States Saudi Arabia[1][2][3]. Le Front Polisario (une forme abrégée, en espagnol, de Front populaire pour la libération de la Saguia el Hamra et du Rio de Oro) fondé en 1973, qui entend les représenter, plaide, comme le prévoit d’ailleurs l’ONU en pareil cas, pour un référendum d’autodétermination qui pourrait conduire à l’indépendance. Sous un parasol avec une règle et un crayon ils ont (français) annexé des territoires marocain. [18] In 1977, France intervened as the conflict reached its peak intensity. C'est donc Alger qui visiblement ne veut pas débloquer la situation tant que ce conflit saharien n'est pas réglé. In 1979, Mauritania withdrew from the conflict and territories, leading to a stalemate through most of the 1980s. [90], Human Rights Watch has also been critical of the treatment of journalists during this conflict. Le Maroc c'était de Tanger au fleuve Sénégal. En 1979, le Polisario gagne une manche en réussissant, après une guerre d’embuscade et un changement de régime à Nouakchott, à sortir la Mauritanie du jeu. Le 6 novembre 1975, alors que l’armée espagnole est toujours présente, le roi Hassan II lance la Marche verte, une grande opération de propagande patriotique qui est aussi un indéniable succès populaire. Le colonisateur est le Maroc, l'Algérie a subit la vague de refugier massif sur son territoire suite à l’éclatement du conflit, c’est simple le Maroc doit faire comme la Mauritanie c’est-à-dire sortir du territoire qui ne lui appartient pas. Afin de nous permettre de conserver notre pérennité économique, Carte du Sahara Occidental (Google Map / Wikimedia Commons), 200 maires souhaitent se faire vacciner pour donner l’exemple, Jean-Pierre Jouyet : « L’Europe a fait des progrès considérables depuis le départ du Royaume-Uni », A Wuhan, les contaminations seraient 10 fois supérieures au bilan officiel, Francis Sak et Thomas Delmas, associés-fondateurs, …, Une société indépendante créée en 2015, spécialisée …, Bitcoin PoS takes everything you know and love about …, Rolléco Valisette d'intervention ALU Charge maxi : 13Kg -, L'Obs - Les marques ou contenus du site nouvelobs.com sont soumis à la protection de la propriété intellectuelle. [57] This move galvanized Morocco who then passed a law in January 2020 extending its recognized borders across Western Saharan waters. Profitons de ce moment pour rappeler dans ses très grandes lignes les enjeux de cette trop vieille histoire. Accueil; Monde; Le conflit du Sahara occidental au menu de l’ONU. La guerre du Sahara occidental est un épisode du Conflit au Sahara occidental entre 1975 et 1991 [3].C'est un conflit militaire opposant le Maroc et la Mauritanie au Front Polisario, sur le territoire du Sahara occidental.La guerre éclate à la suite du retrait de l'Espagne du Sahara espagnol, qu'elle avait convenu de céder au Maroc et à la Mauritanie lors des accords de Madrid. [68] Also present at the negotiations were the neighboring countries of Algeria and Mauritania, a nod to the role they play in the ongoing conflict. The refugee camps are located in Algeria and the country has armed, trained, and financed the Polisario for more than thirty years. SADR was proclaimed by the Polisario Front on 27 February 1976, in Bir Lehlu, Western Sahara. Le Maroc, au nom de vieilles allégeances que les chefs des tribus nomades du désert faisaient à leurs sultans, estime que ce territoire doit lui revenir. [46][47] There is no third-party substantiation of these claims. [96], Moroccan initiative and Manhasset negotiations, Report of the Secretary General on the status of the negotiations on Western Sahara, 29 June 2007, limited recognition by a number of other states, United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara, Algeria–Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic relations, The main novelty is that Algeria has been invited to these round tables, The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754, Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs, "Gulf Arabs back Morocco in Western Sahara rift with U.N.", https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/02/292656/morocco-buys-israeli-drones-to-combat-extremism-in-western-sahara/, "Marruecos incrementa su presencia en Mauritania", Asistencia en favor de las víctimas saharauis. En attendant qu’un miracle sorte enfin des négociations de Genève, le Sahara occidental est donc un des derniers pays divisés du monde et une partie de sa population vit depuis quatre décennies en exil, dans des camps de fortune. Les 450 000 Sahraouis se sont éparpillés As a result of the passage of this resolution, the parties involved met in Manhasset, New York to once again try and settle the dispute. Ma al-Aynayn died in October 1910, and his son El Hiba succeeded him. Depuis, les gestes se succèdent, dans un sens ou dans l’autre. Morocco continues to propose autonomy for the territory as the solution to the conflict, while the Polisario Front insists on nothing other than complete independence. In February 1976, the Polisario Front declared the establishment of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which was not admitted into the United Nations, but won limited recognition by a number of other states. Le conflit est programmé pour durer. Violacion del alto el fuego - Violation of the ceasefire -Rupture du cessez-le-feu. The Western Sahara War was an armed conflict, lasting from 1975 to 1991, fought primarily between the Polisario Front and Morocco. Many public and private buildings and vehicles were burned in the city.[26]. Le conflit du Sahara occidental « est une question de décolonisation qui ne peut être résolue qu'à travers l'application du droit international et de l’Union africaine » en la matière. Several international human rights organizations have accused the Moroccan government of imposing a media blackout in the region by targeting protestors and journalists. Western Sahara, a region on the Atlantic coast in north-west Africa, is situated in the extreme south of Morocco and covers an area of 266,000km 2, most of it desert. De son  côté, le Maroc – et incidemment son allié mauritanien – est donc soutenu par les Etats-Unis, qui fait du royaume chérifien son rempart sur l’Atlantique. Le Maroc dégaine le plus vite. The first roundtable was held on December 5 and 6, while a new roundtable was scheduled for March 21 and 22. Refusant ce qu’il estime être un coup de force, le Front Polisario entame aussitôt la lutte. Citing the Spanish approach to regional autonomy, the Moroccan government plans to model any future agreement after the cases of the Canary Islands, Basque Country, Andalusia or Catalonia. Le conflit enlisé depuis plus de cinquante ans au Sahara occidental a resurgi au premier plan. [80] Women have been "responsible for much of the administration of the camps. Après 30 ans d'immobilisme, le cessez-le-feu a été interrompu au Sahara occidental. Ce travail s'appuie sur les revenus complémentaires de la publicité et de l'abonnement. Algeria has refused to qualify itself as a "stakeholder" and has defined itself as an "observer". [20], The Polisario Front was formally constituted on 10 May 1973 in the Mauritanian city of Zouirate,[21] with the express intention of militarily forcing an end to Spanish colonization. In response to the Green March and the ongoing disputed status of Western Sahara, Algeria has expropriated the property of and forcibly expelled tens of thousands of Moroccan civilians since 1975. [95], In the 2020 World Press Freedom Rankings reported on the treatment of journalists and independent media outlets in Morocco and Western Sahara rating it 133rd out of 180 countries. [60] Also in mid-April, United States Ambassador to Morocco Samuel L. Kaplan declared during a conference in Casablanca that the Moroccan autonomy plan "can't be the only basis in these negotiations", referring to the UN sponsored talks between the Polisario Front and Morocco. Des dizaines de milliers de Sahraouis, fuyant les bombardements marocains, se réfugient dans des camps installés autour de Tindouf, dans le sud-ouest algérien. De l’autre, les 20% contrôlés par le Polisario. The cease fire ending hostilities was officially signed in 1991. Though sporadic demonstrations continue, the movement had largely subsided by May 2011. Another series of protests began on 26 February 2011, as a reaction to the failure of police to prevent anti-Sahrawi looting in the city of Dakhla, Western Sahara; protests soon spread throughout the territory. These protests are considered the Western Saharan branch of the Arab Spring series of popular demonstrations and uprisings. L'Algérie n'existe pas. Nous respectons votre choix. The SADR government considers the Moroccan-held territory occupied territory, while Morocco considers the much smaller SADR held territory to be a buffer zone. In 1956, the Ifni War, initiated by the Moroccan Army of Liberation, marked renewed conflict in the region; after two years of war, the Spanish forces regained control, again with French aid. [75], The Polisario controls about 20–25% of the Western Sahara territory,[76] as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), and claim sovereignty over the entire territory of Western Sahara. L’ancien diplomate Abdelaziz Rahabi s’est exprimé sur les derniers développements du conflit du Sahara Occidental, pointant du doigt la France. In 1884, Spain claimed a protectorate over the coast from Cape Bojador to Cap Blanc. and extended the MINURSO mission until 31 October 2007. The Polisario Front, backed by Algeria and Libya, desiring instead the establishment an independent Sahrawi state in the territory, fought both Mauritania and Morocco in quick succession, in an attempt to drive their forces out of the region. Moroccan authorities rebutted the condemnation saying Al-Batal had crashed into a police car and resisted arrest, however these claims were disputed in an investigation on the incident published by The Washington Post. Tous les Sahraouis, les habitants du pays, ne sont pas d’accord avec cette vision des choses. chapitre 10. chapitre 11. chapitre 12. Le contenu de ce site est le fruit du travail de l'ensemble d'une rédaction qui oeuvre chaque jour à vous apporter une information de qualité, fiable, complète, et d'une équipe web qui vous propose des services innovants. [44] The statement by Jiménez came two days after two Spanish aid workers and one Italian were kidnapped by suspected al-Qaeda members in Tindouf, which is under the control of Polisario Front, which seeks the independence of Western Sahara from Morocco. France : «Le conflit du Sahara occidental n’a que trop duré». In 2018 the United Nations Security Counsel announced that peace talks regarding the Western Sahara territory would resume and delegates of the Polisario Front, Morocco, Algeria, and Mauritania would all be present. Il est également demandeur d'une reprise pour séparer la relation algéro-marocaine de l'affaire du Sahara occidental. By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the Tindouf refugee camps, Mauritania and other locations throughout the world. Eleven security officers and at least two civilians were killed, by official count. Au début du XXe siècle, la France et l’Espagne se partagent le Maroc, vieux sultanat, alors chancelant. in June 2019, a video of Moroccan authorities violently dragging and beating prominent Sahrawi journalist Walid Al-Batal circulated across the internet. Le Sahara, un espace de conflits 1.Le Sahara occidental L’ouest du Sahara se caractérise par un conflit frontalier persistant dont l’enjeu est le Sahara occidental, ancienne colonie espagnole, que se sont partagés le Maroc et la Mauritanie en 1975. The Sahara Press Service later said that Polisario fighters had attacked Moroccan positions along different parts of the frontline, which stretches hundreds of miles across the desert. ", a Brussels-based commercial firm in the domain of counselling, "The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria)", "Telquel – Maroc/Algérie.Bluff et petites manœuvres", "Khadija Mohsen-Finan Le règlement du conflit du Sahara occidental à l'épreuve de la nouvelle donne régionale", "France Libertés – The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria). Réussiront-ils à sortir de l’ornière un conflit qui s’enlise depuis plus de quatre décennies dans les sables du désert ? Derrière le soutien de l’Algérie au Polisario, il y a aussi la possibilité, dans la perspective d’un Etat indépendant mais vassal, d’avoir accès à la façade atlantique. Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara. The country received a low score of 42.88 out of 100 citing the continued "judicial harassment" of the media. Constructed in six stages, from 1980 to 1987, five 'breaches' along the wall allow Moroccan troops the right of pursuit. While protests were initially peaceful, they were later marked by clashes between civilians and security forces. [54] Although the Polisario Front was not involved in the negotiations, the SFPA explicitly allows for European Vessels to fish in the disputed coast of the Western Sahara territory. Histoire Géo 2,264,722 views. The statement reiterated the Polisario Front's request that the UN organize a free referendum within Western Sahara on their self-governing status. [61], On December 10, 2020, President Donald Trump announced that the United States would officially recognize Morocco's claims over Western Sahara, in exchange for Morocco agreeing to normalize relations with Israel.[62][63]. [86][87][88][89] A report by French non-profit Reporters Without Borders (RSF) which tracks the suppression of journalism around the world reported on a systematic targeting of journalists within Western Sahara and argued that the blocking of foreign media access to the region has made it difficult to receive accurate and consistent reporting from inside the disputed territory. On n’y trouve rien d’au… As of 2010[update], negotiations over the terms of any potential referendum have not resulted in any substantive action. Erik Jensen, who played an administrative role in MINURSO, wrote that neither side would agree to a voter registration in which they believed they were destined to lose.